List of Abbreviations
Foreword
JACQUES ELLUL
Author's Note
Acknowledgments
Introduction
BAT YE'OR
1 THE PRE-ISLAMIC ORIENT
The Origin of Jihad
The Jihad:
Dogma and Strategies
2 THE ERA OF CONQUESTS
The First
Wave of Islamization (632-750)
Expansion Overland
Jihad
on the Seas
The Second
Wave of Islamization
The Emergence
and Consolidation of the Muslim State
Administration
of the Conquered Territories
3 DHIMMITUDE: LEGALISTIC FOUNDATION
AND HISTORIC CONDITIONING
The Characters of
the Conquered Lands
Religious
Character
Fiscal
Character
Jizya
Other taxes (Awarid:
Irregular Taxes)
Public Office
Inequality before
the Law
Worship
Places
of Worship
Ritual
Forced Conversions
Segregation and
Humiliation
4 THE CONQUERED LANDS: PROCESSES
OF ISLAMIZATION
The Nomads:
Factors of Islamization
Slavery:
Demographic, Religious and Cultural Aspects
Devshirme
Political
Instability
The Dhimmi:
Economic Function
The Tribute:
Factor of Recuperation and of Collusion
The Caliphate:
Protecting Power of the Dhimmis
Oppression
and Collaboration
Other Processes
of Islamization
Conclusion
5 RELATIONS BETWEEN DHIMMI
COMMUNITIES
Intrinsic Factors
of Interaction
Extraneous Factors
of Interaction
Domination and Interference of the Islamic State
Interference by the Christian States
Religious Protection
Commercial Protection
Political Protection
6 FROM EMANCIPATION TO NATIONALISM
(1820-1876)
The European Humanist
Movement
The Policy of the
Western Powers
The Islamic Reaction
Opposition
to Europe
Opposition
to Ottomanism
Opposition
to Emancipation
Emancipation
7 NATIONALISMS (1820-1918)
Anatolia and European
Turkey: Common Characters
The
Cultural Renaissance
Reorganization
of the Millets
Uprisings
Different Characters
Armenia
The
Massacres
Ottoman Arab Provinces
Christian
Emancipation: Arabism
Jewish
Dhimmi Nationalism: Zionism
8 SOME ASPECTS OF THE PAST'S REVIVAL
IN MODERN TIMES
The Legacy of the
Colonial Era
The Roots of Modern
Islamism
Dhimmitude of the
West?
9 CHARACTERS OF DHIMMITUDE
Factors in the Ruling
Group imposing Dhimmitude
The Realm of Dhimmitude
Structures within
the Targeted Groups conducive to Dhimmitude
The Communities:
Organization within Dhimmitude
The
Role of the Notables
Patronage
and "Golden Age"
The
Islamo-Judeo-Christian Cultural Current
The Dhimmi
Syndrome
Dissymmetrical
Relationships: Oppression-Gratitude
Manageability
of the Dhimmi
The Exclusion and
Concealment of History
10 CONCLUSION
Conquered Peoples
or Tolerated Religious Minorities?
Political Character
of Dhimmitude
The Problem of Tolerance
Tolerance
in the Political Context
Relative
Tolerance or Absolute Tolerance?
The Globalizing
Historical Trend
The
Practice of Evasion or Amalgamation
Practice
and Theory: Laws and Customs
The
Alibi of the deus ex machina
The Method of Comparative
History
The Choice of Sources
and their Credibility
Epilogue
1. THE ERA OF CONQUESTS (Seventh to
Eleventh century)
Egypt, Palestine,
Tripolitania (640-646)
John
of Nikiou
The Capture of the Fayyum
After the Flight of the Greek Army near Nikiou
Iraq
al-Baladhuri
Letter from Umar Ibn al-Khattab (633-643)
Iraq and Syria-Palestine
Abu
Yusuf
Umar Replies to the Muslim Soldiers from Iraq and Syria
Armenia (642)
Sepeos
Cyprus, the Greek
Islands and Anatolia (649-654)
Michael the Syrian
Cilicia and Cesarea
of Cappadocia (650)
Michael the Syrian
Armenia (ca. 705)
Elegy of Saint Vahan of Kogh'ten
The Extermination of the Armenian Nobles
al-Baladhuri
These Same Events described by a Muslim Chronicler
Cappadocia
[Pseudo] Dionysius of Tell-Mahre
Under the Caliphs Sulayman and Umar b.Abd al-Aziz
Spain and France
(793-860)
Ibn al-Athir
Anatolia
Michael the Syrian
The Taking of Amorium (838)
Bar Hebraeus
Exchange of Prisoners (September 845)
Armenia
Thomas Ardzruni
Under the Caliph al-Mutawakkil (847-861)
Sicily and Italy
(835-851 and 884)
Ibn al-Athir
Mesopotamia
Michael the Syrian
Causes of the Invasions by the Turks (11th century)
Pillage of Melitene (Malatya) (1057)
Armenia
Matthew of Edessa
Samuel of Ani
The Taking of Ani by the Sultan Alp Arslan (1064)
Syria and Palestine
Michael the Syrian
2. THE THEORY OF JIHAD
Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Taymiya
Booty
The Fay
Abu Yusuf
Battle Procedures
1. ACTUAL LIFE
Mesopotamia-Iraq
(ca.767-773)
[Pseudo]-Dionysius of Tell-Mahre
Depopulation
On the Exile
On Poll Tax (Jizya)
On Torture
Exodus of the Peasantry
Egypt
Michael the Syrian
Journey of the Jacobite Patriarch Dionysius of Tell-Mahre to Egypt (826
or 827)
Second Journey to Egypt by Dionysius of Tell-Mahre (832)
Under the Caliph Harun al-Wathiq (842-847)
2. JURISTS' OPINION
Abu Yusuf
Concerning the Costume and Appearance of the Tributaries
Al-Mawardi
Poll Tax and Land Tax
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
Ibn an-Naqqash
Iraq-Mesopotamia
(early 9th century)
Michael the Syrian
The Troubles Continue
Abbassid and Fatimid
Empires
Bar Hebraeus
Baghdad (1100)
Obadyah
North Africa and
Andalusia
al Maliki
Ibn al-Athir
Ibn Abdun
al-Marrakushi
Under the Almohades (1130-1269)
Mesopotamia-Iraq
(12th to 13th century)
Michael the Syrian
Bar Hebraeus
Ibn al-Fuwati
Obligations of the Dhimmi according to Ibn Fadlan
Ghazi b. al-Wasiti
Bar Hebraeus
Religious Celebrations
Anarchy and Banditry
Destitution of the Jewish Vizier, Sa'd al-Dawla (1291)
After the Conversion of the Mongols to Islam (1295)
Egypt
Ibn Taghribirdi
Morocco
Ibn Askar
Collection of the Poll Tax (Jizya)
al-Maghili
al-Adawi
Persia (17th to
18th century)
Arakel of Tauriz
Deportation of the Population of Armenia by Shah Abbas I (1604)
The Hunt for Fugitives
Conversion of the Jews of Persia (1656-1661) under Shah Abbas II
Abraham of Crete
Deportation of Armenians from Ararat (1735)
Palestine
Gedaliah of Siemiatyc
Jews and Christians in Jerusalem (1700)
Egypt
al-Djabarti
Coptic Pilgrimage from Egypt to Jerusalem in 1756
al-Damanhuri
Opinion of an 18th-century Egyptian Jurist
Turkey
Letters from British Ambassadors to Constantinople (1662-1785)
Morocco (19th century)
Eugène Fumey
Letter from the Sultan of Morocco Mulay Abd ar-Rahman (1822-1859) to
the
French Conculate at Tangiers (1841)
Abbé Léon Godard
Afghanistan
Mattatya Garji
Expulsion of the Jews from Meshed (1839) and Herat (1857-1859)
Ottoman Empire
Reports by British Diplomats (1850-1876)
Beirut, October 1850
Jerusalem, November 1858
Jerusalem, November 1858
Aleppo, March 1859
Report on the Massacres of the Christians at Hasbeya and Rasheya,
Lebanon, June 1860
Damascus, July 1860
Damascus, July 1860
Damascus, August 1860
Papers relating
to the Condition of Christians in Turkey (1860)
Salonika, July 1860
Belgrade, July 1860
Rustchuk, July 1860
Jerusalem, July 1860
Pristina, July 1860
Aleppo, August 1860
Bosna Serai (Sarajevo), July 1860
Correspondence Respecting
Disturbances in Herzegovina and
Montenegro in 1861-1862
Correspondence Concerning
Cases of Alleged Religious Persecution
in Turkey (1873-1875)
Part I. Correspondence
Respecting Affairs in The Herzegovina (July to
December, 1875)
Part II. Further
Correspondence Respecting Affairs in The Herzegovina (1876)
Jihad and
Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Sudan
The Armenian Question
The Massacres of 1894-1896
Two Eye-Witness Accounts respecting the Armenians during World War I
Palestine, 1915
Iraq, 1915-1917
Appendix A:
Muslim Historians and Theologians
Appendix B:
Non-Muslim Historians and Authors
Appendix C:
British Ministers, Ambassadors and Diplomats
Notes
Glossary
Bibliography
Index of Persons,
Peoples, Tribes and Institutions
Index of Places